I plan to learn how to play the acoustic guitar but I want to play other guitars, mostly the bass and funk guitar. Do you need to learn all over again? How different, except for structure and sound are guitars?

Not very different at all. The main difference between an acoustic guitar and an electric bass is the way that you strike the strings in the right hand. On an acoustic, you can strum with your fingers, or more commonly with a pick; on the bass, however, you generally pluck the strings upward- no "strum" is involved, usually. The left hand (or hand that’s on the guitar neck, fretting the notes), is acting on the same premises that it always does. It may take some time for your left hand to acclimate to the width and weight of the bass strings, but the techniques between guitars are very similar.

Funk guitar is slightly different: while you still strum and and fret essentially the same way, the chord shapes and rhythms involved can be considerably more complex at first glance. Essentially- they’re just harder, lol. But, to answer your question completely: all guitars are played, really, with the same faculties. You strum strings, you fret notes, and you use a variety of techniques to effect the tone or quality of the sound. Depending on the style you choose, yes, you may have to learn some new techniques (Classical and Flamingo guitar take a considerable amount of finger dexterity, for instance), but most techniques are transferable to other guitars; furthermore, every style you pick up will become easier and easier because of the similarities. You can, for instance, perform "hammer-ons" and "pull-offs" on an acoustic guitar, electric guitar, electric bass, mandolin, banjo, lute, etc, lol. Hopefully that answers some of your questions?